REFERENCES
1 The nine pieces are distributed as follows: West Point Museum, two light; Carlisle Barracks, one light; Fort Sill Museum, two heavy, one light; Smithsonian Institution, one heavy; U.S.Naval Academy Museum, one heavy; Annapolis Naval Station, one heavy.
2 "No. 47--Nine 3-inch 5 pounder howitzers, ..., made by D. King, Germantown, Pa.," Report of the Board on Behalf of United States Executive Departments at the International Exhibition held at Phila., Pa., 1876, I, p. 679. The caliber is rather contradictory here, the "5 pounder" being obviously an error.
3 Further confusion is added to the story here by the fact that there were two Daniel Kings in Philadelphia. In the 1790 census Daniel King, Jr., brassfounder, is listed as living at the So. Front Street address. Which one cast guns in 1776 has not been determined, but it would seem that the father was probably too old to be working in 1793.
4 J. L. Bishop, A History of American Manufactures, 2 vols., Philadelphia, 1864, I, p. 574.
5 Bulletin of the Fort Ticonderoga Museum, III, No. 4, p. 190.
6 Bulletin of the Fort Ticonderoga Museum, VIII, No. 1, p. 7.
7 Of the Ticonderoga cannon all is thought to be original except the wheels and axle. A replica carriage has recently been constructed for the Smithsonian piece, using that of the Ticonderoga as a pattern.
8 G. Thornbrough, editor, Outpost on the Wabash, 1787-91, Indianapolis, 1957, p. 250.
9 Estimate of Monies wanting in the QMD, Vol. 148, National Archives, Record Group 93.
10 Richard C. Knopf, Anthony Wayne, A Name in Arms, Pittsburgh, 1960, p. 50, hereafter Knopf, Wayne.
11 Ibid., p. 65.
12 Ibid., p. 104.
13 Ibid., p. 172; also, American State Papers, Military Affairs, I, p. 52.
14 Estimate of monies wanting in the QMD, Vol. 148, NA, RG 93.
15 Knopf, Wayne, pp. 171-172.
16 The bore size and powder charge of the piece, in comparison to its weight, cause the recoil to be out of proportion; thus the iron of the carriage had to be comparatively heavy. In recent experiments with the piece mounted on a light "grasshopper" mount, the recoil caused the tube and carriage to fly end over end through the air. Similarly, Louis de Tousard noted in The American Artillerists Companion, 3 vols., Philadelphia, 1809, II, p. 168, that, "Small howitzers, called a bombetters, cast by order of Marshall de Maillebois, when commanding the army of Italy, were found in the arsenal of Antibes: they proved unmanageable, not so much on account of the uncertainty of direction as from the percussion which the man experienced in the firing, notwithstanding the cushions against which he supported the recoil."
17 Knopf, Wayne, p. 179.
18 Ibid., p. 191. The fact that he ordered them of the same caliber tends to indicate that the larger bore of the heavier howitzers must have been the result of excessive wear, since only the heavier ones were capable of much service.
19 Wayne appears to have been somewhat obsessed with his howitzers, as he continually praised their merits. An unknown antagonist speaks sneeringly of Wayne in his journal of the campaign, From Greene Ville to Fallen Timbers, edited by D. L. Smith, Indianapolis, 1952. Speaking of a dinner hour discussion on 1 September 1794, concerning 10-inch shells, he writes, "to the astonishment of all present he [Wayne] added 'indeed they are [at] best but harmless things'--this observation after he had been for two years harping upon the irresistable effects of his Granades, ..." p. 314.
20 Knopf, Wayne, p. 192.
21 Ibid., p. 194.
22 In the collections of the Smithsonian Institution is a 3-pounder shell unearthed at Legion Ville. It has a 7/16 inch fuze hole and approximately a 1/4-inch wall.
23 Estimate of Monies wanting in the QMD, Col. 148, NA, RG 93.
24 Knopf, Wayne, p. 264
25 American State Papers, Military Affairs, I, p. 52.
26 William Stevens, The Young Artillerists Pocket Companion, 3 vols., New York, 1797. While this work does not mention any howitzers of less than 5 1/2 inches, one copy is known with a written entry which states that howitzers with bores less the 5 1/2 inches will be mounted on carriages similar to those of the light 3-pounders.
27 John Muller, in his Treatise of Artillery, London, 1780, wrote of this versatility of howitzers, and wondered why they were not more used at that time. Muller wrote that "the shells may do execution likewise as shots, and besides grapes of shots, or shells, might be fired out of them to more advantage than out of guns, especially in a siege where the distance is but small; ..." Again, Muller wrote, "As howitzers are easier carried from one place to another than mortars, ... the use of the former would be more convenient than the latter in all cases, except in throwing shells upon powder magazines." pp. 83-84.
28 Knopf, Wayne, p. 171. The carriage was expected to weigh about 160 lbs. Tousard, Artillerists Companion, II, p. 170, wrote that the French made use of a wheeled carriage weighing about 120 lbs., which was also carried on the back of an animal.
29 Thomas T. Underwood, Journal of Thomas T. Underwood, Cincinatti, 1945, p. 18.
30 D. L. Smith, editor, From Greene Ville to Fallen Timbers, Indianapolis, 1952, p. 302.
31 Ibid., p. 307.
32 Knopf, Wayne, p. 317. Ft. Massac was situated on the Ohio River near Paducah, Kentucky.
33 F. Cuming, Sketches of a Tour to the Western County, Pittsburgh, 1810, pp. 251-252.
34 Ibid., p. 300. Ft. Adams was located on the Mississippi about forty miles below Natchez.
35 Knopf, Wayne, pp. 479-480.
36 American State Papers, Military Affairs, I, p. 157.
37 They appear to be foreign cannon of a similar nature. Quarterly Returns of the Civil War period, Classification of Ordnance & Ordnance Stores, still carried the 3-pounder howitzers. Also under foreign patterns are listed 3-pounder bronze howitzers, origin not given.

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